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Magnetostatics Study Notes Part-2 for Electrical Engineering

By BYJU'S Exam Prep

Updated on: September 25th, 2023

In this article, you will find the Study Notes on Inductance which will cover the topic as Introduction, Analogy between resistance and reluctance, Computing Voltage and Inductance, The inductor with an air gap, Energy and Force Calculations, the Magnetic circuit with pivot, Wave and its Applications and Comparison between magnetic and Electric circuits.

In this article, you will find the Study Notes on Inductance which will cover the topic as Introduction, Analogy between resistance and reluctance, Computing Voltage and Inductance, The inductor with an air gap, Energy and Force Calculations, the Magnetic circuit with pivot, Wave and its Applications and Comparison between magnetic and Electric circuits.

From Maxwell’s equations we have in differential form:

15-Magnetic-circuits

where is the current density.

In integral form we have

15-Magnetic-circuits

Where ∂DR denotes the boundary of the disk DR.

In words, the line integral of the H field around the boundary of the disk is equal to the total current through the disk, NI. The positive sense of current is out of the page and the positive sense for the magnetic field is given by the right-hand rule and is counter-clockwise as we stated above.

Since H is uniform around the boundary of the disk, and since the length of the boundary is 15-Magnetic-circuits we have

15-Magnetic-circuits

Solving for the magnetic field and flux, we have

15-Magnetic-circuits

15-Magnetic-circuits

We have defined the magneto-motive force (mmf) and the reluctance in the equation.

In magnetic circuits, magneto-motive force is analogous to voltage in electric circuits, reluctance is analogous to resistance, and flux is analogous to current. That is

15-Magnetic-circuits

The reluctance is proportional to the length of iron, inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of the iron, and inversely proportional to the permeability of the iron. A similar relationship holds for the resistance of a conductor as shown in the figure below.

15-Magnetic-circuits

Analogy between resistance and reluctance.

Computing Voltage and Inductance: The voltage around a single turn in the winding is given by another one of Maxwell’s equations. Integrating the electric field around a single turn gives us

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For N turns we have, using our sign convention,

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The figure below depicts a magnetic circuit having both iron and an air gap in the loop.

The cross sectional area, A, is uniform around the circuit, the length of the iron and air gap are as indicated, and a positive current produces flux φ in the direction shown.

 

15-Magnetic-circuits

The inductor with an air gap.

In this series connection, the reluctances of the iron and air add so that the circuit reluctance is

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The flux depends on the current and the number of turns, N:

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And the inductance at the coil terminals is:

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Energy and Force Calculations: Since the power transferred into an inductor is, the total stored energy at time T in an inductor with zero initial currents is

15-Magnetic-circuits

Making the change of variable u = I(t) such that 15-Magnetic-circuits we have

15-Magnetic-circuits

Referring again to the toroidal inductor reproduced below with inductance 15-Magnetic-circuits

15-Magnetic-circuits Toroidal inductor.
The energy stored is
15-Magnetic-circuits
We can express the energy as an energy density times the volume of the magnetic material (we assume R is large).
15-Magnetic-circuits
Note: that the energy density only depends on the magnetic field and the material permeability, and has the units of pressure (recall that pressure times volume is work). It turns out that this is the same pressure (with replaced by in equations) that applies a closing force to the air gap.
Force in a Gap
In the following figure, a pivot that allow the gap to close. There the mechanical power delivered by pushing open the gap, plus the electrical power VI, is equal to the rate of change of energy stored in the inductor.
15-Magnetic-circuits
Magnetic circuit with pivot
To simplify the calculation, we short the coil terminal (apply zero voltage) so that the electrical power flow is zero. Since voltage is proportional to the rate of change of flux, we have that the flux is constant and 15-Magnetic-circuits when the coil is shorted.
Nφ = LI
Both the inductance and current will depend on the gap x.
Differentiating both sides with the shorted terminal assumption, we have
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Since there is no power flowing into the electrical terminals, we have
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Setting 15-Magnetic-circuits and differentiating the bracketed term with respect to x leads to
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Where we have omitted the explicit dependence on x.
Eliminating the dI/dt term, leads to a partial cancellation in the two terms.
15-Magnetic-circuits
Pressure Method:
15-Magnetic-circuits
15-Magnetic-circuits
We express the force needed to keep the gap open as a pressure times an area, where the pressure is proportional to the magnetic field squared.
Wave and its Applications: Basically, the waves are means of transporting energy or information wave propagatin in loss dielectric.
Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics For lossy dielectric,
∇2E = Y2E
Where, γ2 = jωμ
Let
15-Magnetic-circuits
where α is attenuation constant measured using units of reciprocal length
β is phase constant measured as rad/m
σ is conductivity of the medium
γ is known as propagation constant of the medium.
15-Magnetic-circuits
Relationship between Electric Field and Magnetic Field
15-Magnetic-circuits
Here is a complex quantity and known as intrinsic impedance measured in Ohm.
15-Magnetic-circuits
where, 15-Magnetic-circuits
15-Magnetic-circuits
 
 

Self and Mutual Inductance of Simple Configurations

Self Inductance: The property of self-inductance is a particular form of electromagnetic induction.

Self-inductance is defined as the induction of a voltage in a current-carrying wire when the current in the wire itself is changing.

16-Self-and-Mutual-1

In the case of self-inductance, the magnetic field created by a changing current in the circuit itself induces a voltage in the same circuit. Therefore, the voltage is self-induced.

Self-inductance in terms of emf: A circuit can create changing magnetic flux through itself, which can induce an opposing voltage in itself. The size of that opposing voltage is:

V(opposing) = – L *change in I / change in time

where L is the self-inductance of the circuit, measured in henries.

Self-inductance in terms of Magnetic Flux: A coil carrying current has magnetic flux associated with it. The flux Ф is directly proportional to the current I.

Ф = LI.

Where L is the constant of proportionality, L is called as self Inductance. The ratio of magnetic flux to the current is called as Self Inductance (L).

Mutual Inductance:

  • The changing magnetic field created by one circuit (the primary) can induce a changing voltage and/or current in a second circuit (the secondary).
  • The mutual inductance, M, of two circuits, describes the size of the voltage in the secondary induced by changes in the current of the primary: V(secondary) = – M [change in primary current/change in time]
  • The units of mutual inductance are Henry, abbreviated "H".

The magnetic flux through a circuit can be related to the current in that circuit and the currents in other nearby circuits, assuming that there are no nearby permanent magnets.

The magnetic field produced by circuit 1 will intersect the wire in circuit 2 and create current flow.

16-Self-and-Mutual

The induced current flow in circuit 2 will have its own magnetic field which will interact with the magnetic field of circuit 1.

At some point P, the magnetic field consists of a part due to i1 and a part due to i2. These fields are proportional to the currents producing them.

The coils in the circuits are labelled L1 and L2and this term represents the self-inductance of each of the coils.

The values of L1 and L2 depend on the geometrical arrangement of the circuit (i.e. a number of turns in the coil) and the conductivity of the material. The constant M, called the mutual inductance of the two circuits, is dependent on the geometrical arrangement of both circuits.

In particular, if the circuits are far apart, the magnetic flux through circuit 2 due to the current i1 will be small and the mutual inductance will be small. L2 and M are constants.

We can write the flux, B through circuit 2 as the sum of two parts.

ΦB2 = L2i2 + i1M

The equation is similar to the one above can be written for the flux through circuit 1.

ΦB1 = L1i1 + i2M

Though it is certainly not obvious, it can be shown that the mutual inductance is the same for both circuits. Therefore, it can be written as follows:

M1,2 = M2,1

All the Best.

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