Physics Notes on Optics for Railways & SSC Exams 2023

Light

• Light is a form of energy, which is propagated as an electromagnetic wave.
• It is the radiation which makes our eyes able to ‘see the object. Its speed is 3 x 10⁸ m/s. It is a form of energy. It is a transverse wave.
• It takes 8 min 19s to reach on the earth from the sun.
• When light falls on the surface of an object it can either be
  1. Absorbed – If an object absorbs all the light falling on it, then it will appear perfectly black for example a blackboard
  2. Transmitted – An object is said to transmit light if it allows light to pass through itself and such objects are transparent.
  3. Reflected – If an object sends back light rays falling on its surface then it is said to have reflected the light

Reflection of Light

• When a ray of light falls on a boundary separating two media and comes back into the same media, then this phenomenon is called the reflection of light.

Laws of Reflection of Light

• The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

Reflection from Plane Mirror

• If an object moves towards a plane mirror with speed v, relative to the object the moves towards it with a speed 2v.
• To see his full image in a plane mirror, a person required a mirror of at least half of his height.

Refraction of Light

• The phenomenon of deviation of light rays from its path, when it travels from one transparent medium to another medium, is called refraction of light.
• The cause of refraction is due to the different speeds of light in a different medium.
• When a ray of light enters from one medium to another medium, its frequency and phase do not change, but wavelength and velocity change.
• Due to refraction from Earth’s atmosphere, the stars appear to twinkle. 

Laws of Refraction:

• The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all three lie in the same plane.
• The ratio of the sine angle of incidence to the sine angle of refraction remains constant for a pair of media i.e.
  Sin i/Sin r = constant = μ2/μ1, this law is known as Snell’s law

Application of Refraction:

• When light travels through a denser medium towards a rarer medium it deviates away from the normal, therefore a pond appears shallower.
• A coin appears at a lesser depth in water.
• Writing on paper appears lifted when a glass slab is placed over the paper.

Critical Angle:

• The angle of incidence in a denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium becomes 90°, is called the critical angle.

Total Internal Reflection:

• When a light ray travelling from a denser medium to a rarer medium, in this incident at the interface at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle, then light rays are reflected back into the denser medium, this phenomenon is known as total internal reflection
• The sparkling of diamonds, mirages and looming, shinning of the air bubble in water and optical Fibre are examples of total internal reflection.

Spherical Mirrors

Type of Spherical Mirrors-

1. Concave mirror

• The image formed by a concave mirror is generally real and inverted.

2. Convex mirror

• The image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual, erect and diminished.

Uses of Concave Mirror

• As a shaving mirror
• As a reflector for the headlights of a vehicle, a searchlight.
• An ophthalmoscope examines the eye, ear, and nose by doctors.
• In solar cookers.

Uses of Convex Mirror

• As a rearview mirror in the vehicle because it provides the maximum rear field of view and image formed is always erect.
• In sodium reflector lamp.

Important points related to spherical Mirrors:

(a) Centre of Curvature (c): The centre of the hollow glass sphere of which the mirror is a part.

(b) The radius of Curvature (R): The radius hollow sphere of which the mirror is a part.

(c) Pole (P): The mid-point of a spherical mirror is called pole.

(d) Focus (F): when a parallel beam of light rays is incident on a spherical mirror then after reflection it meets or appears to meet at a point on the principal axis, called the focus of the

spherical mirror.

(e) Focal length (f):

Focal length d=  R/2

Image formation by a concave mirror

Image formation by Convex Mirror

Lenses:

A lens is a uniform refracting medium bounded by two spherical surface or one plane surface.

Lenses are of two types:

• Convex lens
• Concave lens

Prism:

• Prism is a uniform transparent refracting medium bounded by plane surfaces inclined at some angles forming a triangular shape.

Dispersion of light:

• When light is incident on a glass prism, it disperses into its seven colour components in the following sequence VIBGYOR, and this is known as the dispersion of white light.
• The refractive index of glass is maximum for violet colour and minimum for the red colour of light, therefore the violet colour of light deviated maximum and red colour of light deviated least.

We hope this was useful to you. 

Happy Learning