EMOTIONS:

Emotions are recorded experiences in the brain. Have salience, ie the emotions are either  +ve or -ve. Emotional decisions seem to be spontaneous or impulsive. These emotions have a significant role in decision making along with reasoning. While the reasoning is used in exploring various options; emotions are used to decide among various options.

COMPONENTS OF EI:

The emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage your own emotions and the emotions of others. This requires

1. Perception – are you correctly recognizing your emotions? Won’t you confuse sometimes whether you are sad, or angry or disgusted? Observe carefully own emotions and recognize them.
2. Attribution – is assigning reasons for your emotions. Hasn’t there be situations where you just do not know why are you sad? Analyze what happened and find the actual cause
3. Management – is knowing when and how to use your emotions. Once you have proper perception and correct attribution, you know when and how your emotions occur. Thus you can manage them.
4. Expression – emotions are to be expressed. There is a way to express it. See good leaders, they are very good at expressing their emotions.

WHAT IS EI?

Thus emotional intelligence is about how well one is managing his or her own emotions and relations. A person with EI,

1. Can regulate own emotions – Ex- managing anger. 
2. Understand own emotions, with right attribution.
3. Use emotions in decision making – by using emotional information to guide thinking and behavior.
4. Understand others emotions – Ex- good interpersonal and leadership skills.

HOW EI HELPS?

EI helps a person in

1. Maintaining good relations with others
2. A better expression of emotions
3. Gives mastery over a situation particularly in a can of dilemmas. EI plays a major role in handling unforeseen situations.
4. Gives the confidence to tackle any problems in public and personal life
5. Achieve self-motivation

What is Decision Making?

Decision-making is an essential aspect of modern management.

It is a primary function of management.

A manager’s major job is sound/rational decision-making. He takes hundreds of decisions consciously and subconsciously.

Decision-making is the key part of the manager’s activities. Decisions are important as they determine both managerial and organizational actions.

A decision may be defined as “a course of action which is consciously chosen from among a set of alternatives to achieve the desired result.”

Characteristics of Decision Making:

Decision making implies choice: Decision making is choosing from among two or more alternative courses of action. “Decision-making is fundamentally choosing between the alternatives”.

Advantages of Decision Making:

1. Decision making is the primary function of management
2. Decision-making facilitates the entire management process
3. Decision-making is a continuous managerial function
4. Decision-making is essential to face new problems and challenges:
5. Decision-making is a delicate and responsible job:

Steps Involved In Decision Making Process:

1. Defining / Identifying the managerial problem,
2. Analyzing the problem,
3. Developing alternative solutions,
4. Selecting the best solution out of the available alternatives,
5. Converting the decision into action, and
6. Ensuring feedback for follow-up.

Reasons Why Rational and Right Decisions may Not be Possible?

1. Inadequate information, data, and knowledge
2. Uncertain environment
3. The limited capacity of decision-maker
4. Personal element in decision-making
5. A decision cannot be fully independent

Fundamental Virtues Essential for any Ethical Decision-Making:

1. Prudence (also called wisdom, good judgment, competence, practical reasoning) is the habit of recognizing good ends and choosing the most effective and efficient means of achieving them.
2. Justice (also called as fairness) describes a situation or a habit in which one constantly gives others what is their due so they can fulfill their duties and exercise their rights, and at the same time, one tries to see that others do likewise.
3. Courage (also called as fortitude) is the habit moderating the emotions of fear or boldness to achieve a rational goal.
4. Self-mastery (also called temperance or discipline) is the ability to have control over our tendencies to laziness, anger, complacency, procrastination, and reluctance to fulfill our responsibility.

ATTITUDE:

• Are evaluation of various aspects of the social world such as that towards a person, object, event, ideology etc. 
• It can be either positive or negative. 
• Social factors have a major role in determining a person’s attitude.
• When the attitude is formed towards a person or social group, it creates a stereotype. 

COMPONENTS:

Attitude has cognitive, affective and behavioral components

1. Cognitive(belief) – The act or process of knowing and perceiving. Involves judgment, and reasoning. Example – belief that all exams are difficult
2. Emotional(likes & dislikes) – Feelings and emotions formed out the belief and perceptions. Example –  hating exams(formed from a belief that all exams are difficult)
3. Behavioural(actions & inactions) – how attitude is expressed. Example –  do not apply for any exams (because of hatred towards the exams)

PERSUASION:

Is effort to change the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions or behaviors. The success of persuasion depends on three factors:

(1) source – there is a difference when your mother tells not to eat junk food and when Virat Kohli says the same. 

(2) message – many will not listen to the traffic police’s message to wear the helmet, but when it comes along with an emotional tone of care for family, more people obey.

(3) target – young minds can be easily persuaded, so the packaged foods business mainly target kids in their advertisements.

What is Probity?

Probity is a mandatory and vital organ of governance. An important prerequisite for the probity is an absence of corruption.

Disadvantage: A full switch to Govt. to Customer e-Governance will cost a large amount of money in development and implementation. In addition, Govt. agencies do not always engage citizens in the development of their e-Gov services or accept feedback.

National e-Governance Plan (Content of National Portal of India)

The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) has been formulated by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEITY) and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG). The Union Govt. approved the NeGP, comprising of 27 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and 10 components.

The NeGP aims at improving delivery of Govt. services to citizens and businesses with the following vision: Make all Govt. services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency & reliability.

POWER AND AUTHORITY

Power is the ability to get things done despite resistance. Authority is legitimate power.

Types of power:

The six types of power are

Coercive Power

• often the least effective but most employed(abused)
• is forcing someone to do something against their will
• rely on threats, bullying

Reward Power

• is the concept of doing this and get that
• is useful as long as the reward is perceived as having value
• used to increase morale

Legitimate Power

• is the power of position or role
• a formalized way of ensuring that there is someone to make a decision and that someone is responsible

Referent Power

• Is the power and ability for an individual to attract others and to build loyalty
• created through the values of the individual

Informational Power

• is the power of having information that another does not have
• used to measure and improve tasks, processes, and strategies

Expert Power

• when an individual possesses in-depth information, knowledge, or expertise in the area that they are responsible for
• is often the most effective type of power
• they can often persuade others to do to things for them using trust and respect

Types of Authority:

Charismatic authority

• the leader is not only capable of but actually possesses the superior power of charisma
• Ex- Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr.

Traditional authority

• depends on established tradition or order
• based on some kind of a dominant power
• Ex-Father in a family

Legal-rational authority

• Is grounded in clearly defined laws
• Ex – the President of India

Corporate Social Responsibility:

Is a company ’s initiatives to assess and take responsibility for its effects on environmental and social wellbeing.

• Corporations can have detrimental effects on the environment. Example Oil spills.
• Industries such as chemical manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and fishing can do permanent damage to local ecosystems.
• Climate change can also be attributed in large part to corporations. Ex-Power corporations
• Many corporations have profited from the deterioration of the global environment. 
• In many cases, harm to the environment and harm to vulnerable communities go hand-in-hand

CSR is the way through which a company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and social imperatives (“Triple-Bottom-Line- Approach”).

Key CSR issues are environmental management, eco-efficiency, responsible sourcing, stakeholder engagement, labor standards, and working conditions, employee and community relations, social equity, gender balance, human rights, good governance, and anti-corruption measures.

ETHICAL SKILLS:

Ethical skills are distinguished from the self-help skills and social skills, as those which helps in

• Ethical sensitivity involves the skill or ability to interpret the reactions and feelings of others.
• Ethical judgement– if an ethical situation exists and requires action, he or she must decide which course of action is the most justifiable in the situation
• Ethical motivation is the desire to be ethical and to act and live in a manner consistent with one’s moral values.
• Ethical action involves determining the best way to implement the chosen decision and having the ability and confidence to persist to completion.

To achieve these, the ethical skills should encompass

• Code of conduct, courage, dependability, duty, efficiency, ingenuity, initiative, perseverance, punctuality, resourcefulness, respect for all etc

Whereas the Self-Help Skills are Care of possessions, diet, hygiene, modesty, posture, self-reliance, and tidy appearance etc

The Social Skills includes Good behavior, good manners, good relationships, helpfulness, No wastage, and good environment etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS:

Deals with a relationship of man with the environment. 

Some common questions in environmental ethics are

• Should humans continue deforestation for the sake of food production?
• Should humans continue to make gasoline-powered vehicles?
• Is it right for humans to knowingly cause the extinction of a species?
• Should we stop all developmental works to conserve the environment?
• Should we continue to use coal for power generation?

The concept of Sustainable development

Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:

• the concept of “needs”, in particular, the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs.

The goals of economic and social development must be defined in terms of sustainability in all countries—developed or developing, market-oriented or centrally planned. 

Environmental ethics has personal dimensions such as

• ethical consumerism
• minimizing waste and recycling
• love for nature and other living beings etc

Corruption:

Corruption is the abuse of bestowed power or position to acquire a personal benefit. Corruption includes may activities like bribery and embezzlement. Corruption is in close proximity to the development of the nation.

Causes of Corruption:

Lack of transparency in affairs and deals: Low job opportunities:

Multiple Political Parties: Low pay scales/wages:

Lack of power to the judicial system, Lack of Hard and fast rules

Encouragement of Unhealthy Competition, Lack of accountability

Modes of Corruption:

1. Bribes
2. Conflict of Interest
3. Nepotism
4. Patronage
5. Procurement

Ways to Curb Corruption:

Rules at a departmental level: First step to curb corruption is education. The government of India has an elaborated framework of the conduct of public servants in a variety of public service categories. There are five mega detailing documents which are as follows:

1. All India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules (1969)
2. Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964
3. Railway Servants (Conduct) Rules, 1966
4. Central Civil Services (Classification, Control, and Appeal) Rules, 1965
5. All India Services (Conduct) Rules (1968)

Indian Moral Thinkers:

Chanakya (4th century BCE)

Chanakya was an  teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor. He is traditionally identified as Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta, who authored the ancient Indian political treatise, the Arthashastra. As such, he is considered the pioneer of the field of political science and economics in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor to classical economics.

‘Arthashastra’ can be defined as ‘science and art of politics and diplomacy’.

This treatise is divided into sixteen books dealing with virtually every topic concerned with the running of a state – taxation, law, diplomacy, military strategy, economics, bureaucracy etc.

The book is a masterpiece which covers a wide range of topics like statecraft, politics, strategy, selection, and training of employees, leadership skills, legal systems, accounting systems, taxation, fiscal policies, civil rules, internal and foreign trade etc.

Arthashastra advocates rational ethics to the conduct of the affairs of the state.

The emphasis is on the codification of law and uniformity of law throughout the empire.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 –1948)

Mahatma Gandhi was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahatma (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable") applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa, is now used worldwide.

Gandhism designates the ideas and principles Gandhi promoted. Of central importance is nonviolent resistance. Gandhi dedicated his life to the wider purpose of discovering the truth, or Satya. He tried to achieve this by learning from his own mistakes and conducting experiments on himself.

According to Gandhi, "Poverty is the worst form of violence.

Mahatma Gandhi's Thoughts on Democracy:

Non-violence: Mahatma Gandhi's imagination of the democracy -fully encircled with non-violence - exists in no nation of the world as up to now. Democracy of his imagination happens to be one, which does not have any provision of punishment and even an organization like ‘State' happens to be obsolete in it

Stateless democracy: Gandhi's ideal is a stateless democracy, in which there is a federation of satyagrahi village communities, functioning on the basis of voluntary cooperation and dignified and peaceful co-existence. The non-existence of state as cherished by Mahatma Gandhi is impossible instantly or in near future.

Decentralization and equality: While in the present day democracy, there is a great deal of centralization and inequality. In a stateless democracy, there is decentralization and equality.

Village economy: Gandhiji was again highly centralized production and advocate decentralized production. The idea was not to do away entirely with machinery as such but to prevent the concentration of power in the hand of few rich.

Swaraj: Gandhian concept of Self Rule means Swaraj is real democracy, where people's power rests in the individuals and each one realizes that he or she is the real master of one's self. Thus people are sovereign in a democracy but in a parliamentary democracy, the party system has a vital role to play.

Sarvodaya is a Sanskrit term meaning 'universal uplift' or 'progress of all'. The term was used by Mahatma Gandhi as the title of his 1908 translation of John Ruskin's tract on political economy, Unto This Last, and Gandhi came to use the term for the ideal of his own political philosophy. Although inspired by Ruskin, the term would for Gandhi come to stand for a political ideal of his own stamp.

The ideal which Gandhi strove to put into practice in his ashrams was, he hoped, one that he could persuade the whole of India to embrace, becoming a light to the other nations of the world. The Gandhian social ideal encompassed the dignity of labor, equitable distribution of wealth, communal self-sufficiency and individual freedom.

Seven Sins: Mahatma Gandhi said that seven things will destroy us. Notice that all of them have to do with social and political conditions. Note also that the antidote of each of these "deadly sins" is an explicit external standard or something that is based on natural principles and laws, not on social values.

Wealth without Work

Pleasure without Conscience

Knowledge without Character

Commerce (Business) Without Morality (Ethics)

Science without Humanity

Religion without Sacrifice

Politics without Principle

Amartya Sen: (1933-2000)

Amartya Sen is a Bengali Indian economist and philosopher. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, and indexes of the measure of well-being of citizens of developing countries. He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 and Bharat Ratna in 1999 for his work in welfare economics.

He argues that economic development entails a set of linked freedoms:

political freedoms and transparency in relations between people

freedom of opportunity, including the freedom to access credit; and

economic protection from abject poverty, including through income supplements and unemployment relief.

A state of poverty will generally be characterized by lack of at least one freedom (Sen uses the term unfreedom for lack of freedom), including a de facto lack of political rights and choice, vulnerability to coercive relations, and exclusion from economic choices and protections. From this, Sen concludes that real development cannot be reduced to simply increasing basic incomes, nor to rising average per capita incomes. Rather, it requires a package of overlapping mechanisms that progressively enable the exercise of a growing range of freedoms.

Sen views free markets as an essential method of achieving freedom. His work has been criticized by those who claim that capitalism and especially neo-liberal capitalism reinforce unfreedoms.