We will now discuss on Paris Summit and ISA in this article. But before that, we will give you insights about the other related topics too to understand the summits.

Kyoto

• The Kyoto protocol which was implemented in two commitment periods, i.e. the first from 2008 to 2012 and the second commitment period from 2012 to 2020 after the Doha amendment to the protocol (2012) coming to an end and a new treaty was needed to be placed post that.
• The member nations met for successive COP (Conference of Parties), and during COP 20 in Lima, the countries decided to wedge the gap between the developed and the developing countries that existed in Kyoto.
• There were discussions about the countries pledging their reduction targets without any legal binding on any of the developed or developing countries.
  
  

Issues between the developed and the developing nations:

The Kyoto protocol divided the member nations into various heads like:

• Annexe I: - Which comprised of the developed countries along with the economies in transition (EIT's) like Ukrain, Turkey and some east European countries.
• Annexe II: - This contains a subset of the annexe I countries, consisting mainly of the most advanced economies which form a part of OECD (Organisation for economic cooperation and development )
• Non-annexe countries: - The least developed countries.
• The developed countries have been accusing the lesser developed nations and developing countries about their rising greenhouse gases emissions due to their rapid industrialisation.
• They say its been a long time that countries like India and China are put under " no legally binding commitments " head and they have been polluting the environment for a long time now.
• India has been consistent in its position about the core principle of the Kyoto of the CBDR ( Common but differentiated responsibility).

As per them, their development needs are still growing and have a large number of population suffering from poverty, hunger and other human development issues.

Pre Cursor to Paris Summit :-

LIMA CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE (2014) COP- 20, CMP – 10)

• The overall objective of this summit was to limit the global temperature increase by 2030 to 2 degrees Celsius above 1850 baseline or Pre-Industrial era.
• The agreement wanted parties to take up their nationally determined targets later know as INDC's which are the nationally determined targets before the Paris summit.
• The summit ended with no substantial decision.      

PARIS CLIMATE SUMMIT

• Paris climate summit is one of the most important summits of recent times. It was supposed to be the most conclusive agreement post-Kyoto.
• This has particular importance because of the Intended Nationally determined Commitments (INDC's) which are individual pledges by the member nations to limit their greenhouse gas emissions.
• Under the Paris agreement, each country must plan, determine and regularly report the contribution it is undertaking to limit the GHG's. It followed the "Bottom-up " approach for the first time.
• Under Article 2 of the Paris summit these are the significant aims: - 

1. To hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and at the same time pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, following which the climate change could be controlled.
2. Making the flow of finances consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and to find suitable funding mechanisms.

• A 100-billion-dollar fund is to be created from 2020, which is to be reviewed by the year 2025.
• Developing countries must be encouraged to "enhance their efforts" and move over time to increase their cuts at the same time developed countries continuing to take the lead.
• The reviewing mechanism will be held every five years. First to be conducted in 2023

• The summit entered into force in November 2016 after being ratified by 55 countries that account for at least 55% of global emissions had been met. As of 2019, 195 countries have signed the agreement, and more than 180 countries have ratified it. India signed and ratified in 2016.
• The commitment period agreed by India, China and the European Union is for ten years, whereas the US is of the view to reduce the commitment period to five years for quicker progress.

India's Commitments / Intended nationally determined commitments (INDC's)

• India during the Lima conference committed to reducing emission intensity by 33 to 35 per cent by 2030 compared to 2005 levels by: -
• Some of the initiatives India plan to take in its domestic policies are as follows: -
  
  

1. Install a 175 GW of solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy
2. To fully utilise the installed nuclear energy capacity of 63 GW by 2032

• Full implementation of the "Green India Mission."

1. Focus on missions like national clean Ganga mission, national health mission, integrated coastal zones, climate-resilient agriculture and develop 14,00,000 km of tree line across both sides of the highway under its national Highway mission.
2. Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

NATIONAL ADAPTATION FUND

• It is a 100 crore green energy fund to be set up. Money which is collected by the coal cess will be deposited in it. The fund is to be managed by the National bank for agriculture and rural development (NABARD).
• It has been appointed as the NIE (National implementation entity).

What will be the course after the Paris Summit?

Marrakech (Morocco) Climate Change Conference 2016 (COP22; CMP12; CMA1)

The first meeting post-Paris called CMA-1, which was held in Morocco.

The purpose of the conference was to discuss and implement plans about combatting climate change and to show to the world that the implementation of the Paris Agreement is underway.

COP22 was called as "Action COP" or "Agriculture COP".

International Solar Alliance (ISA)

• It is an international alliance initiated by India. It has 121 countries as its members, which are mostly the "sunshine countries," i.e. countries which are located anywhere between the tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn
• The Solar Alliance is a treaty-based inter-governmental organization. It is no limited to the tropical counties only, others can also join the alliance and enjoy all benefits as other members, but do not enjoy full voting rights.
• After the United Nations, it is the most extensive grouping of states worldwide.
• It is situated at the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) in Gurugram.
• Till date, 74 countries have signed, and 52 states have ratified the Framework Agreement of the ISA. When the remaining 15 countries will ratify too the ISA will become a treaty.
• The alliance has partnered with World Bank to launch a Global Solar Atlas. It is a free online tool that displays annual average solar power potential at any location in the world and thus identifies potential sites for solar power generation.

Thank You.

 BYJU'S Exam Prep.