The term coalition is derived from the Latin word 'coalition', means 'to grow together'. A coalition government is formed when more two or more political parties come together to form the Government. Parties generally decide to form a coalition government if there is a hung parliament where no single party has a clear working majority in the House to form the Government.
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Features of Coalition Government
- Coalition governments are formed for the purpose of reward, material or psychic.
- Coalition politics is not static, but a dynamic affair as the coalition groups dissolves as their purpose is solved or they have new interests and form new coalitions.
- Pragmatism and not ideology is the symbol of coalition politics. In coalition governments for making political adjustments, principals may have to be set aside.
- The purpose of the formation of the coalition government is to seize power.
There are two types of the coalition:
- Pre Poll coalition
- Post Poll coalition
The pre-poll coalition is advantageous as it provides a common platform to the political parties in order to seek the favour of people on the basis of a joint manifesto.
Formation of Coalition Government at Centre
S. no | Year | Coalition Parties | Prime Minister and Party | Coalition |
1 | 1977– 1979 | Congress (O), Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Bharatiya Lok Dal, Socialist Party, Congress for Democracy, Chandra Shekhar Group (former congressmen) and others | Morarji Desai (Congress (O)) | Janata Party |
2 | 1979– 1980 | Janata (S) and Congress (U). Congress (I) supported from outside | Charan Singh (Janata(S)) | Janata Party (Secular) |
3 | 1989– 1990 | Janata Dal, TDP, DMK, AGP and Congress (Socialist) BJP and Left parties supported from outside. | V.P. Singh (Janata Dal) | National Front |
4 | 1990– 1991 | Janata Dal (S) and Janata Party. Congress (I) supported from outside | Chandra Shekhar (Janata Dal (S) or Samajwadi Janata Party) | Janata Dal (Socialist) or Samajwadi Janata Party |
5 | 1996– 1997 | Janata Dal, CPI, Congress (T), DMK, TDP, TMC, AGP, S.P. and others. Congress and CPM supported from outside. | H.D. Deve Gowda (Janata Dal) | United Front |
6 | 1997– 1998 | Janata Dal, CPI, TMC, S.P., DMK, AGP, TDP and others. Congress supported from outside | I.K. Gujral (Janata Dal) | United Front |
7 | 1998– 1999 | BJP, J.D. (U), 2004 Democratic Alliance (NDA) (BJP) Trinamool Congress, Shiv Sena, BJD, LJP, DMK, PMK, INLD, MDMK, National Conference, Akali Dal, RLD, AGP and others. | A.B. Vajpayee (BJP) | BJP-led Coalition |
8 | 1999– 2004 | BJP, J.D. (U), 2004 Democratic Alliance (NDA) (BJP) Trinamool Congress, Shiv Sena, BJD, LJP, DMK, PMK, INLD, MDMK, National Conference, Akali Dal, RLD, AGP and others. | A.B. Vajpayee (BJP) | National Democratic Alliance (NDA) |
9 | 2004– 2009 | Congress, NCP, DMK, RJD, LJP, PMK and others. CPI and CPM supported from outside. | Manmohan Singh (Congress) | United Progressive Alliance (UPA) |
10 | 2009– 2014 | Congress, NCP, DMK, Trinamool Congress, National Conference and others | Manmohan Singh (Congress) | United Progressive Alliance-II (UPA-II) |
11 | 2014– 2019 | BJP, LJP, TDP, Shiv Sena, Akali Dal, Rashtriya Lok Samata Party, Apna Dal (S) and others. TDP left NDA in 2018 | Narendra Modi (BJP) | National Democratic Alliance (NDA) |
12 | 2019- to date | BJP, Akali Dal, LJP, and others. Shiv Sena left NDA in November 2019. | Narendra Modi (BJP) | National Democratic Alliance (NDA) |
Merits
- Consensus or majority based decisions are taken in the coalition government.
- Regional aspirations are fulfilled or considered.
- The Government formed by coalition favours nationalism and lowers regionalism.
- It lowers tyranny of Government.
- The Government formed ina coalition is a more responsible government.
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Demerits
- The Government formed in the coalition government is an unstable government.
- The time-consuming process of decision making.
- In the coalition government, sometimes National interests are kept aside for accomplishing regional interest.
- Generally, appeasement policies are made in coalition government rather developmental policy.
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