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The ambit of defence cooperation has widened to include other domains like space, counter-terrorism, and cybersecurity and intelligence sharing besides Israeli arms sales to India.
India was the largest arms customer of Israel in 2017 with sales worth 715 million USD.
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) report, Israel is the third-largest supplier of defence items to India after Russia and the USA, the first and second respectively.
Historical Background:
The strategic cooperation between the two countries began during the Sino-India War of 1962.
In 1965, Israel supplied M-58 160-mm mortar ammunition to India in the war against Pakistan.
It was one of the few countries that chose not to condemn India’s Pokhran nuclear tests in 1998.
It continued its arms trade with India even after the sanctions and international isolation after the nuclear tests.
Importance of Israel
Patrolling and Surveillance: The Israeli imports eases the operational ability of armed forces in wartime. For instance, the missile defence systems, and ammunition played a crucial role in controlling the escalation between India and Pakistan post-Balakot airstrikes.
Make in India: The export-oriented Israeli defence industry and its openness to establishing joint ventures complement both ‘Make in India’ and ‘Make with India’ in defence.
Trusted Supplier: Israel has always been a ‘no-questions-asked supplier’, i.e., it transfers even its most advanced technology without placing limits to its use.
Its credibility was reinforced during the Kargil War of 1999 when it supplied the Indian Air Force (IAF) with the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) ‘Searcher’ and surveillance systems for Jaguar and Mirage squadrons.
Similar weapons were used in the Balakot strike in February 2019.
Ready to Use Technology: India suffers from many constraints in defence production and acquisition including lack of technical expertise, lack of manufacturing infrastructure, inadequate funding and project delays. Israel fills these shortcomings by supplying ready-to-use critical technologies, even on short notices.
Challenges:
- Influence of USA: Some of the Israeli technologies utilise USA components because of which the USA has veto powers over the sale of those technologies. Hence, it may cause hurdles in the transportation of technologies.
- Cold War Politics: The potential of India-Israel ties have been sacrificed on the altar of Cold War politics. Factors like Arab–Israeli conflict, Iran-Israel conflict, constant interference of countries like Russia and USA in such issues and overall relationship of India with these countries have impacted the ties with Israel.
- Non Alignment: India’s commitment to the non-alignment causes freezing relations with Israel that were increasingly seen as leaning towards the Western bloc. India must strategically balance its relationship with Israel on conflict issues.
- Dependence for Energy Security: India’s dependence on Arab states for oil imports led to a pro-Arab tilt in its West Asia Policy, which has further constrained Israel's options in the region.
- Israel Palestine Conflict: The territorial conflicts of Gaza Strip and West Bank have played an important role in shaping India-Israel relationships.
- Due to Israel-Palestine peace negotiations (Oslo Accords of 1993), India has started normalising the relationship with Israel.
- However, as a part of Link West Policy, India has de-hyphenated its relationship with Israel and Palestine in 2018 to treat both the countries mutually independent and exclusive.
Defence Technologies from Israel to India | |
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): |
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Air Defence Systems: |
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Missiles: |
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Sensors: |
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