Transportation Engineering & Surveying : Traversing and Triangulation survey

By Ankit Parashar|Updated : February 8th, 2022

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Traversing and Triangulation survey

Traverse Surveying

Latitude and Departure

The latitude and departure of the line AB of length l and reduced bearing θ are given by

L = +lcosθ

D = lsinθ

image001

Latitude: Projection of a line on N-S direction is called latitude.

Departure: Projection of a line on E-W direction is called departure.

  • Latitude and departure in various quadrants

image002

image003

Here, l1l2l3 and l4 are the length of line OA, OB, OC and OD respectively.

Independent Coordinate

image004

Closing Error

If sum of latitude,

L ≠ 0

and sum of departure

∑D ≠ 0

then there is a closing error

Closing error,

image005

image006

the direction of closing error (δ)

image007

Adjustment of Closing Error

  • Sum of all internal angles of a closed traverse = (2n-4) ×90°

where n = no. of sides

image008

  • Sum of all deflection angles = 360°

i.e. θA + θB + θC + θD + θE = 360°

image009

  • Sum of latitude, ∑L=0

sum of departure, ∑D=0

Balancing the Traverse

(a) Bowditch method

Error in linear measurement ∝√l

Where l = length of a line

Error in angular measurement image010

correction to a particular line

image011

Here, l = length of a line,

CL = correction in latitude of a line

L = total error in latitude,

CD = correction in departure of a line

D = total error in departure

l = sum of length of all lines

(b) Transit method

Correction in the latitude of all line,

image012

Correction in the departure of all line,

image013

Here, ∑L = Total error in latitude

∑D = total error in departure

L = latitude of a line

D = departure of a line

LT = sum of all latitude without considering sign

DT = Sum of all departure without considering sign.

(c) Axis method

image015

image016

image017

Triangulation

Definition

The horizontal control in Geodetic survey is established either by triangulation or by precise traverse. In triangulation, the system consists of a number of inter-connected triangles in which the length of only one line is called the base line and the angles of the triangle are measured very precisely.

image018

  • Criterion of strength of figure

The strength of figure is a factor to be considered in establishing a triangulation system for which the computation can be maintained within a desired degree of precision.

The square of a probable error (L2) that would occur in the sixth place of the logarithm of any side,

image019

d = Probable error of an observed direction in seconds

D = Number of directions observed (forward and/or backward)

δA = Difference per second in the sixth place of a logarithms of the sine of the distance angle A of each triangle

δB = Same as δA but for the distance angle B

C = Number of angles and side conditions

C = (n’ – s’ + 1) + (n – 2s + 3)

n = Total number of lines

n’ = Number of lines observed in both directions

s = Total number of stations

s’ = Number of occupied stations

(n’ – s’ + 1) = Number of angle conditions

(n’ – 2δ + 3) = Number of side conditions

Signals and Towers

  • A signal is a device erected to define the exact position of an observed station.

A. Non Luminous Signals: Diameter of signal in cm = 1.3 D to 1.9 D Height of signal in cm = 13.3 D

where D = distance in km (Length of sight) for non-luminous signals

B. Luminous or Sun Signals: Used when the length of sight distance > 30 Km

Phase of Signals: It is the error of bisection which arises, when the signal is partly in light and partly in shade.

  • Correction

(i) when observation is made on the bright portion.

Phase correction image020

α = Angle which the direction of sun makes with line of sight.

r = radius of the signal.

D = Distance of sight.

image021

(ii) when the observation is made on the bright line:

image022

Routine of Triangulation Survey

The routine of triangulation survey generally consists of the following operations:

  1. Reconnaissance
  2. Erection of singles and towers
  3. Measurement of base lines
  4. Measurement of horizontal angles
  5. Astronomical of horizontal angles
  6. Computations

Intervisibility and Height of Stations

(a) The distance between the stations: If here is no obstruction due to intervening ground, the distance of the visible horizon from a station of known elevation above datum is given by

image023

where, h = height of the station above datum

D = distance to the visible horizon

R = mean radius of the earth

Relative elevation of stations: If there is no obstruction due to intervening ground, the formula image023 may be used to get the necessary elevation of a station at distance, so that it may be visible from another station of known elevation Let, h1 = known elevation of station A above datum

image024

h2 = required elevation of B above datum

D1 = distance from A to the point of tangency

D2 = distance from B to the point of tangency

D = the known distance between A and B

then, image025

image026

where D1 is in km and h1 is in meters, D2 = D – D1

image027

(c) Profile of the intervening ground: In the reconnaissance, the elevations and positions of peaks in the intervening ground between the proposed stations should be determined. A comparison of their elevations should be made to the elevation of the proposed line of sight to ascertain whether the line of sight is clear off the obstruction or not. The problem can be solved by using the principles discussed in the factors (1) and (2) above, or by solutions suggested by Captain G.T. McCaw. The former method will be clear from the worked out examples.

Captain GT McCaw’s Method

Let, h1 = height of station a above datum

h2 = height of station B above datum

h = height of line of sight at the obstruction C

image028

2s = distance between the two stations A and B

(s + x) = distance of obstruction C from A

(s – X) = distance of obstruction C from B

ζ = zenith distance from A to B

The height h of the line of sight at the obstruction is given by

image029

If X, s and R are substituted in miles, and h1, h2 and h are in feet.

and image030

If X, s and R are in km and h1, h2 and h are in meters. 

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